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🌿 COP 30 - Building a Greener Tomorrow

The 30th UN Climate Change Conference (COP 30) is taking place in Belém, Brazil. Stay informed about global climate actions, negotiations, and live sessions from 10 – 21 November 2025.

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BANGLADESH’S THIRD NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC 3.0)

Bangladesh proposes its NDC 3.0 as a global commitment to the Paris Agreement as well as a national plan for low-carbon, climate-resilient development. Base Year Scenario 2022: In 2022, total emissions were 252.04 million tonnes of COâ‚‚ equivalent (MtCOâ‚‚eq). Energy was the largest source (123.01 MtCO2eq, 48.81%), mainly from power generation, transport, industry, households, and fugitive emissions. AFOLU followed (95.35 Mt, 37.83%), dominated by livestock and rice cultivation. Waste contributed 26.95 Mt (10.69%), while IPPU accounted for 6.73 Mt (2.67%). Business-as-Usual (BAU) 2035: Emissions are projected to rise sharply to 418.40 MtCOâ‚‚eq by 2035 under BAU, driven by population growth, urbanization, industrial expansion, and rising energy demand. Mitigation Targets 2035: In the unconditional scenarios, Bangladesh will achieve a reduction of 26.74 MtCOâ‚‚eq, representing a 6.39% decrease from the business-as-usual (BAU) projections for 2035; whereas in the Conditional Scenarios, Bangladesh will ach

Paris Agreement after 10 years

A decade ago, the Paris Agreement was adopted, which was a landmark for international climate governance. In this infographic, we reflect on the progress that has been made as well as some of the challenges that still lie ahead, such as policy agenda, social change and technology development.

Multi-century global and regional sea-level rise commitments from cumulative greenhouse gas emissions in the coming decades

Sea levels respond to climate change on timescales from decades to millennia. To isolate the sea-level contribution of historical and near-term GHG emissions, we use a dedicated scenario and modelling framework to quantify global and regional sea-level rise commitments of twenty-first century cumulative emissions. Under current climate policies, emissions until 2050 lock in 0.3 m (likely range 0.2–0.5 m) more global mean sea-level rise by 2300 than historical emissions until 2020. This additional commitment would grow to 0.8 m (0.5–1.4 m) for emissions until 2090, of which 0.6 m (0.4–1.1 m) could be avoided under very stringent mitigation. Resulting regional commitments would be around 10% higher than the global signal for the vulnerable Pacific region, mainly due to higher relative Antarctic contributions. Our work shows that multi-century sea-level rise commitments are strongly controlled by mitigation decisions in coming decades.

The carbon hoofprint of cities is shaped by geography and production in the livestock supply chain

Meat consumed in cities is largely produced in rural regions. Supply chain opacity and complexity hinder understanding of (and the ability to address) the distributed impacts of urban meat consumption on rural communities and environments. Here we combine supply chain models with spatial carbon accounting to quantify and map the GHG emissions from beef, chicken and pork consumption—the carbon hoofprint—for all 3,531 cities in the contiguous USA. This carbon hoofprint totals 329 MtCO2e, equivalent to emissions from US at-home fossil fuel combustion. Surprising differences in the carbon intensity of meat-producing regions explain variation in per capita hoofprints between cities (500–1,731 kgCO2e). Demand-side measures such as reducing food waste and dietary shifts (for example, more chicken, less beef) could halve emissions. Our modelling highlights reduction strategies across the supply chain and provides a basis to address the transboundary impacts of cities.

Expert retrospective on a decade of the Paris Agreement

To mark the tenth anniversary of the Paris Agreement, Nature Climate Change asked experts to reflect on the progress of and barriers to several of its key Articles. They share their thoughts on important policy implications, what has been achieved and missed, as well as future directions.

Biennial transparency reports and national inventory reports

This report provides a synthesis of information reported by Parties in their first biennial transparency report submissions, including their national inventory reports. Submissions received as at 15 April 2025 were included in the synthesis. The structure of the report aligns with the reporting format set out in the modalities, procedures and guidelines for the transparency framework for action and support referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, and as such, synthesizes information on greenhouse gas emissions and removals, information necessary to track progress in implementing and achieving nationally determined contributions under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, information on climate change impacts and adaptation under Article 7 of the Paris Agreement, and information on financial, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building support.

State of the Climate Update for COP30

This update has been prepared to inform discussions at COP30 with authoritative, up-to-date information on the state of the global climate.

COP30: FAO warns climate funding gap threatens agrifood systems transformation

At COP30, FAO will emphasize that science-based agrifood solutions can play a pivotal role in reducing emissions, enhancing carbon sequestration, restoring ecosystems, and strengthening resilience - all while ensuring food security and nutrition for the 1.2 billion people whose livelihoods depend on these systems.

Projecting climate migration in Bangladesh using agent based modeling and climate data

Introduction: There is fear that climate change will lead to the displacement of millions of people in the next 100 years. This has led to increased academic interest in estimating the trends of climate-related migration. Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable to climate change and is very likely to experience mass climate migration before the end of the century. Eô€€€orts have been made to forecast this climate migration using agent based modeling. Less attention has been paid to how the physical climate is represented in these models. Methods: We address this gap, by developing an agent based model which takes dynamic climate input from climate models, i.e. data on temperature, precipitation and wind speed. It translates climate scenario data from the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) into a likelihood that a region in Bangladesh will experience extreme weather (heatwaves, floods, and cyclones) and finds the possible migration outcomes. It can run on an upazila level, the smallest administrative division in Bangladesh. Results: The model shows that there will be an accumulative number of over 22 million internal climate migrants in Bangladesh by 2050, with most of the migrants originating from the center of the country and migrating to other upazilas in the center and the southeast. Discussion: The inclusion of diô€€€erent types of extreme weather events is used to try to project the spatial movement of migrants. The projected number of migrants found is much greater than other studies in this area, but the locations that they move between remains the same.

From decades to years: Rising seas and cyclones amplify Bangladesh’s storm-tide hazards in a warming climate

Bangladesh has the world’s highest cyclone-induced mortality, yet future risks remain unclear, challenging sustainable development. Here, we present a comprehensive storm-tide risk assessment for Bangladesh using a physics-based approach. Our findings reveal rising risks across emission pathways, with uneven impacts by region and season. This timely assessment offers valuable guidance for climate adaptation, infrastructure planning, and coastal resilience strategies while serving as a valuable tool for other regions facing similar climate threats.